A Gannett Company. He has been an academic, law practitioner, MP, Minister, law reformer, and participant in international law and diplomacy, and he continues to find domestic and international affairs fascinating. For eight years he was New Zealand's Commissioner to the International Whaling Commission. He also held the offices of Attorney-General, Minister of Justice, Leader of the House, Prime Minister, and Minister for the Environment from 1987 to 1990, the latter an area of personal interest. He served as a member of Parliament in the House of Commons from 1708 to 1722. He is also a Black Enterprise Champion award winner. 280Boyd Law BuildingIowa City, IA 52242, Consumer Information (ABA Required Disclosures). Tuesday November 15th 2022. Sir Geoffrey Palmer QC Explains Aspects of the ICJ Decision. This began when he completed his PhD in grain science and technology jointly with Heriot-Watt College and the University of Edinburgh in the 1960s. True to form, at the symposium Sir Geoffrey analysed the pressing problems that we need to solve for the future. This was British slavery, and Scotland played a major part in it., Slavery, he says, is a stain on the soul of all people who know about it and do nothing. Further information: We will use it to illuminate and educate. He is a Freeman of Midlothian County, Scotland and he was given the Good Citizen Award of Edinburgh, Scotland for his work on race relations. Professor Emeritus and Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University Sir Geoff Palmer has been presented with the prestigious Edinburgh Award 2022 in a ceremony at the City Chambers last night. My career achievements relate to using the results from my PhD and postgraduate work to develop the Barley Abrasion Process which accelerated the malting process in industry (1973). He went on to earn an honours degree in botany in 1964 from Leicester University. Robert was born in Jamaica in 1762 the son of a Scottish slave-owner, James Wedderburn, and Rosanna, an enslaved woman, who he had raped. Theres a slave called Larmond on the Balcarres slave list. Thats why I speak out because weve had an education system that has avoided slavery, downplayed it, excused it.. [17] The role is central to promoting Heriot-Watt's prominence and profile in research in the university's campuses in Scotland, Malaysia and Dubai. If you walked down a street in Edinburgh or Glasgow, I doubt if 1% of people have heard of Darien, he says. We have an extremely low level of civic virtue in . These include the courses offered by the Master Brewers Association of the Americas (MBAA), American Brewers Guild, UC Davis, The Siebel Institute of Technology and others. Young black people know what happened in the past, and after the murder of George Floyd which Palmer describes as a crucifixion they felt there was resistance from within parts of the white community to their demands for change. He improved his O and A Level qualifications with the support of his Head of Department, Professor Chapman. Professor Sir Geoff Palmer has taken over the role of chancellor at Heriot-Wat University PROFESSOR Sir Geoff Palmer has today been formally installed as the new chancellor of Heriot-Watt University. He has also contributed to the Encyclopedia of Seeds and the Encyclopedia of Grain Science, writing the Foreword for the latter. Sir Godfrey Henry Oliver Palmer OBE (/pmr/; born 9 April 1940)[1] is a Professor Emeritus in the School of Life Sciences at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, and a human rights activist. His mother moved from Jamaica to London in 1951 and spent four years working and saving to earn enough to pay for passage for her two sons. Renowned scientist and human rights activist, Professor Sir Geoff Palmer, has today been named the new Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University. Sir Geoff was knighted in the 2014 New Year's Honours for services to human rights, science, and charity. In 2010 and 2011 he chaired the Panel of Inquiry on the 31 May 2010 Flotilla Incident for the United Nations in New York that reported to the Secretary-General. One of my vivid memories is of Sir Geoffrey Palmer admonishing students for failing to read the Dominion newspaper before class. He uses humour to balance out the cruelty he spends his life documenting. Id phone and be told to come along. As a celebrated grain scientist, prominent human rights activist and proud Scotsman, Sir Geoff Palmer's fascinating life has given him the opportunity to highlight the importance of an equal and diverse society. Democracy requires strong engagement from its citizens. x 5 3/8 in. He helped to secure the first export of British barley to China and has lectured on barley, malt and cereal grains in many countries such as Canada, the United States, Brazil, Jamaica, St Lucia, India and most European countries. An address to the Constitutional Workshop of Pacific Women's Watch New Zealand, delivered on 16 November 2019. However, Sir Geoffs view is that the history of the slave trade isnt well-known or understood in the UK and teaching about this history will help people to understand personal and societal biases on the grounds of colour or race. His grades and the help of Professor Chapman enabled him to gain a place at Leicester University in 1961. Scotland's first black professor Sir Geoff Palmer has been appointed lead a review of Edinburgh's statues and street names which commemorate those with close links to slavery. Scotlands sense of itself as an egalitarian nation also holds the nation back from confronting the past, he feels. He also pushed for a four-year parliamentary term and an increase to the number of MPs. Sir Geoff Palmer, Professor Emeritus and Chancellor of Heriot Watt University, said: "This award is more than a great honour; it is a recognition of all the people whose goodness has contributed to my life and work. Raphael Hilbron, former student and Foundation Trustee recalls though I didnt realise it at the time, I was taught by some of the finest creative and legal minds in the country. PALMER feels many people wouldnt be so quick to defend Dundas if he wasnt Scottish. He continues to publish regularly in law journals and teaches at the Law School. During that period he also chaired the Legislation Advisory Committee. "[27], In recognition of his work and achievements in the field of grain science, Palmer was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2003 Birthday Honours. In the 1690s, Scotland attempted to establish a colony in Panama. He has made a significant contribution to Aotearoa New Zealand through his clear explanations of needed reform and his courage and energy in continuing to challenge the status quo and speak truth to power. It was the first time I came in contact with students from other Caribbean countries. Currently, hes Professor Emeritus in the School of Life Sciences at Heriot-Watt University. "She brought in the results, and she said you're 97 per cent African in terms of . Share this article: 5. Freedom of information publication scheme. In 2018 he published with Andrew Butler Towards Democratic Renewal that revised the proposals contained in the 2016 book taking into account public feedback. 2 years ago. Share the message 5. Recognised body which has been Sir Geoffrey claims his main aim was for "a career that has never been boring". In 1955, Palmer arrived in London from Jamaica as part of the Windrush generation, alone and aged just 14. [11] His cricketing skill gained him a place on the London Schools' cricket team, and a place at Highbury Grammar School. David Caygill, Sir Geoffrey knew what he wanted to achieve and knew how to bring about change. He had many successes, always aided by the intellectual contribution and support of his wife, Margaret. He is a member of the New Zealand Law Society Rule of Law Committee. Te Herenga WakaVictoria University of Wellington is proud to count Sir Geoffrey as an alumnus and Distinguished Fellow. The late Sir Michael Cullen remarked in his recent memoir that Geoffrey in practice was not always the same as Geoffrey in theory.. Abstract. He enjoys robust debate over constitutional law and policy issues that matter. The bran of the grain was found to be the primary source of the enzymes which change barley into malt in industry. Until recently, Dundas was celebrated as one of Scotlands greatest statesmen. He is the author of a book on race relations: Mr White and the Ravens and a book on Caribbean (Jamaican/Scottish) history: The Enlightenment Abolished. Someone in my great aunts family wouldve been the same, Palmer says. Were starting to try to address the past. In 2003 he obtained the OBE (Order of the British Empire) for scientific and charitable work. [18], Alongside his academic work, Palmer is also a prominent human rights activist and is involved in a considerable amount of charity work in the community. It should have been a safe space for informed debate, somewhere for readers to discuss issues around the biggest stories of the day, but all too often the below the line comments on most websites have become bogged down by off-topic discussions and abuse. Our student accommodation is close to teaching, sports, catering and the Union. We cannot change the past, but we can influence and change thinking, attitudes and actions in the future. During his working life Sir Geoff has travelled and lectured worldwide and was instrumental in the development of the Tropical cereal sorghum, as brewing material and food in Africa, making various trips to Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe and South Africa. [24], During the George Floyd protests, Palmer was a leading proponent of calls to reinterpret the Melville Monument, a large column in St Andrew Square, Edinburgh dedicated to Scottish statesman Henry Dundas, due to his support for "gradual abolition", which delayed the abolition of slave trade by fifteen years. In the end, law reform is a political activity. There are history books but not designed to link Scotlands history with education on slavery in schools; in fact, the topic is still hotly debated. Moonshine and Magic. Sir Geoffrey has accumulated many honours and accolades throughout his career. Given his irrepressible sense of humour, Palmer turns to a joke he once heard in Ireland, when he was consulting for Guinness as a chemist, to explain the ideal society he would one day like to see. Being Deputy Prime Minister to David Lange had shown him that too much valuable time could be spent appearing in minor public engagements. If you are dissatisfied with the response provided you can He encouraged me to ignore conventions and to look for and apply new evidence. His mother moved from Jamaica to London in 1951 and spent four years working and saving to earn enough to pay for passage for her two sons. Faculty of Law, PC, KCMG, BA, LLB Well, AC DJur Chic, DHumLittBarristerGlobal Affiliated Professor, College of Law, University of Iowa. Slavery was lucrative for Scotland and the UK. Born in Nelson, Sir Geoffrey came to Victoria University College in 1960 to study political science and law. He was made a member of the Global 500 Roll of Honour by the United Nations Environment Programme and has taught courses on climate change and the law. So Scotland is ahead of Canada, he says. Sir Geoffrey Palmer QC was admitted as a solicitor in 1965 and to the bar in 1966. Some landladies took in students only from the Caribbean, others only from Africa. In 1977 he returned briefly to the University of Iowa College of Law to act as a visiting professor. He married Margaret Moore, daughter of . In turn, he has appreciated the Universitys position in the centre of the government precinct, which gives researchers the opportunity to find out how decisions are made and talk to the people making them. Sir Geoff takes over from Dr Robert M. Buchan, a mining entrepreneur and philanthropist, who is standing down after almost eight years in the role. Look at where you work. The proposed entrenched Bill of Rights includes an environmental right. This ignited a huge debate between dog lovers and dog haters, which he says seemed to have much greater importance to listeners than GST. Editors' Code of Practice. Sir Geoffreys son Matthew Palmer is a former Pro Vice-Chancellor, Dean of Law, and Director of the New Zealand Centre for Public Law at Victoria University of Wellington, and is now a High Court judge. Sir Geoff Palmer, an eminent brewing scientist, was addressing an audience of black and minority ethnic professionals at an event hosted by the RBS Multicultural Network in conjunction with the Scottish Ethnic Minorities Lawyers Association (SEMLA).. Sir Geoff has spoken about the importance of making equality a value that is reflected across all aspects of an organisation. He has an old-fashioned colour-blind view of race. In March 2015 he delivered the Scarman lecture at the Middle Temple in London entitled The Law Reform Enterprise: Evaluating the Past and Charting the Future that appeared in the Law Quarterly Review in July 2015. I remember this fellow joking that there was once an undercover agent in Kerry during the war, and he was black but nobody noticed. He explodes with laughter. Data returned from the Piano 'meterActive/meterExpired' callback event. Get all of the latest Geoff Palmer news from Edinburgh News. SLOWLY but surely, more and more people are now listening to Palmer, despite the stubborn refusal by many to accept what went on in the past. Born in Jamaica in 1940, Sir Geoff Palmer studied in Scotland from 1964-1968, moved back to Scotland in 1977 and went on to become one of the countrys most well-recognised contemporary scientists. Size exceeded. Twitter Share. [2] [3] He discovered the barley abrasion process while he was a researcher at the Brewing Research Foundation from 1968 to 1977. Find contact details, maps and directions for: Scottish Borders - undergraduate open days, Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Marketing, Recruitment and Communications, Professor Sir Geoff Palmer named Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University. A fost admis la Middle Temple la 14 iunie 1616 i a fost chemat la bar la 23 mai 1623. Contact us Geoff Palmer Alongside careers in research, science, technology and teaching, brewing science pioneer Professor Sir Geoff Palmer has contributed greatly to civil society and has a keen interest in Scottish-Caribbean historical connections. Today, however, the plaque notes he was instrumental in deferring the abolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade, and that as a result more than half a million enslaved Africans crossed the Atlantic. SC005336, VAT Registration Number GB592950700, and is acknowledged by the UK authorities as a contact IPSO here, 2001-2023. There are positive steps being taken though, such as the proposal for the development of a National Museum of Human Rights in Greenock, a location that was once Scotlands premier sugar port. Surrey Sir Geoff was knighted in the 2014 New Years Honours for services to human rights, science and charity. Sir Geoffrey Palmer, primul baronet, SL (1598 - 5 mai 1670) a fost un avocat i politician englez.. Nscut n East Carlton, Northamptonshire, a obinut un BA de la Christ's College, Cambridge, n 1616 i un MA 1619. Find the perfect sir geoff palmer stock photo. A symposium entitled Futures of Democracy, Law and Government, covered topics that have exercised Sir Geoffreys thinking throughout his esteemed career. In 1968 he began his research work at the Brewing Research Foundation in Surrey, England where he worked on the . Most of my immediate family is white my son-in-laws, my daughter-in-laws. Edinburgh, ScotlandUK EH14 4AS+44 131 449 5111, Scottish registered charity numberSC000278. He was knighted in the 2014 New Year Honours. In his first year, he taught the newly adapted small-section courses of American Property law, Conflict Resolution, and International law. He subsequently entered Leicester, Edinburgh and Heriot Watt Universities where he gained BSc, PhD and DSc degrees, respectively. Others related to political debates and plays wherein Caribbean patois languages were used instead of standard English. He holds honorary doctorates from four universities. Sir Geoffrey Palmer: That's a failure of education. What these people should realise is that Im the product of the suffering of millions of people Were living in a society where weve inherited the prejudices that black people are inferior.. Finally, in December 2018, 180 years after Gibson-Craigs abolition vote, the Jamaican Government honoured me beyond expectations, by making me its first Honorary Consul in Scotland. In 2021, Heriot-Watt University celebrates the 200thanniversary of its founding in Scotland. Though Dundas won the parliamentary vote,. Were discussing it openly at last. He wants cities like Glasgow where many streets are named after merchants involved in slavery to publicly recognise the past in a similar fashion. Human rights activist and emeritus professor at Edinburgh's Heriot-Watt University Sir Geoff Palmer has likened the independence campaign in Scotland to how former British Empire colonies. Palmer tells the story of Robert Wedderburn by way of illustration. In 1998, Sir Godfrey was the fourth person (and at the time the only person in Europe) to be awarded The Distinguished American Award for his research on cereals, regarded in the industry as its Noble Prize Award. He developed a new simple method to detect pre-germination in cereal grains showing difference in amylase actions of individual grains of a barley sample containing different degrees of pre-germination, with results that can be expressed in optical density. The umpire was the Minister of a local church. Palmer's position is this: Dundas took a "gradualist" approach which delayed abolition from 1792, when it might have been achieved, to 1807, when it was. LONDON: A Jamaican professor and civil rights activist, who described a group of Scottish academics as part of a 'racist gang', has vowed to fight back, after facing legal action. From its beginnings as the worlds first mechanics institute in the heart of Edinburgh, two centuries of innovation have led to what is today a unique international institution with campuses in the UK, Dubai and Malaysia. As a descendant of Caribbean slavery in Jamaica and as member of staff at Heriot-Watt University, I was impressed by Gibson-Craigs conviction. The academic, who was recently appointed chancellor of Heriot-Watt University, has, along with his wife, not long before speaking to Holyrood, received the results for a home DNA testing kit. [9] In 2008, Palmer became the fourth and only European individual to be honoured with the American Society of Brewing Chemists (ASBC) Award for distinction in scientific research and good citizenship: he received the award in Boston, Massachusetts in 2008. In Parliament, he held the offices of Attorney-General, Minister of Justice, Leader of the House, Deputy Prime Minister and Prime Minister. He started his PhD in 1965 and completed it in 1967 and then worked as a Post-Doctoral Fellowship at the Heriot Watt University from 1967 to 1968. The academic mentors, at schools and universities, that he had while he was studying had a profound impact on his activism and personal philosophies. We are using our global reach and innovation in teaching, research and enterprise to make a significant impact towards the attainment of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. In the words of Hon. [10], Views on the Melville Monument and slavery, Officer of the Order of the British Empire, "Professor Geoff Palmer to Made Freeman Midlothian", Keith Joseph suggested I 'go back and grow bananas', "Claim that Scots are more tolerant of immigration is a 'myth', says country's first black professor", "First black university professor knighted", "Godfrey Henry Palmer is Scotland's first black professor in Scotland", "Jamaican scientist opens doors for African-Caribbean children", "Ultra-structure of cereal grains in relation to germination", "Penicuik's Sir Geoff Palmer is the new Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University", "Sir Geoff Palmer is appointed Chancellor of Heriot-Watt University", "Tartan and home truths. He was born in St. Elizabeth, Jamaica but grew up in Allman Town, Kingston before migrating to London to join his mother at the age of 14 to help her by working in a local grocery shop in Islington in 1955. Click and Collect from your local Waterstones or get FREE UK delivery on orders over 25. In 1994 he became a Foundation Partner of Chen & Palmer Public Law Specialists where he remained until 2005 when he was appointed President of the Law Commission, a position he occupied until 2010. This will enable us to tell a richer story of our history and celebrate our diverse society as One Scotland. Ive three of those and theyre mixed race, he laughs loud and long at momentarily missing out his own kids. Sir Geoffrey had never coveted the top job. In 2016 he published with Andrew Butler A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand (Te Herenga Waka University Press) and public submissions have been taken on it. He feels that they deserve New Zealanders thanks and respect rather than derision and abuse, believing it to be a difficult lifestyle with high pressure and frequent absences from home, which have unfortunate effects on family life. He has alist ofmore than 1105 publications in legal periodicals and chapters in books that can be accessed on the Social Science Research Network. He says there is something very weird going on in the policy firmament about the world at the moment.. The myths and lies they had heard made them think I was a robber, inferior. Palmer quotes from Shakespeare: Mislike me not for my complexion., Come 1964, Palmer was in Edinburgh embarking on his doctorate. Prof Sir Geoff Palmer: The Books That Made Me Dates Friday, May 6, 2022 - 09:00 to Friday, May 27, 2022 - 23:00 Location Online The Open University is delighted to be supporting this event with Prof Sir Geoff Palmer CD, at Aye Write, Glasgow's Book Festival. KT1 1BQ, 2023 REACH SOCIETY ALL RIGHTS RESERVED We are running a series of undergraduate Open Days at our Edinburgh and Scottish Borders Campuses this autumn. by Yes. Te Herenga WakaVictoria University of Wellington has been Sir Geoffreys intellectual home, and we have been fortunate to benefit from his contributions as a student, lecturer, donor, and Distinguished Fellow. Theres streets named after Balcarres today in Edinburgh and Glasgow, he says. We look forward to hearing from you on heraldscotland.com. His highest ambition was to be Attorney-General, a working part of the constitution. Written by Midlothian View Reporter, Luke Jackson. Look where you live. Because if you dont have a fair representation, then you better think again.. We can change that using better education., Just a few weeks ago, during another talk, Palmer was told look what slavery has done for you. Mr Downie is joined by Sir Geoff Palmer, who is currently Professor Emeritus in the School of Life Sciences at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, and a human rights activist.In 1989, Sir Geoff became Scotland's first black professor and is most famously known for having invented the barley abrasion process. By 1800 there were 800,000 UK owned, African-born slaves, of which over 300,000 were in Jamaica, generating a disproportionately high level of the profits. He has appeared extensively in the superior courts including the Privy Council. It is an institution that has, since its inception, fostered the ethos of inclusion and education for all, and I am very proud of the continued focus on ensuring that its doors are open to everyone in Scotland and across the world. The Edinburgh West Indian Students Association was based at Potterrow, near George Square. These include a teaching text on international environmental law with an American scholar that is in its fourth edition. Palmer was appointed a Gentleman of the Privy Chamber around 1704 and held the post until 1714. Registered in England & Wales | 01676637 |. Palmer notes that it was Sir Henry Dundas who sent Earl Balcarres to Jamaica as governor. Sir Geoff Palmer, chair of Edinburgh Slavery and Colonialism Legacy Review Group. Its inconsistent. by Silvester (Sylvester) Harding, after Sir Peter Lely watercolour, circa 1765-1809, based on a work of circa 1663 7 1/2 in. It can easily slip away otherwise.. On leaving politics in 1990 he was a law professor at the University of Iowa and the Victoria University of Wellington. Our leading black academic is, without doubt, the nations most determined campaigner when it comes to demanding Scotland acknowledges its colonial wrongs and the nations role in the sins of the British empire. Despite the seriousness of his work, and the personal struggles he is facing, he is a man full of laughter. Registered in England and Wales. Sir Geoffrey is actively involved in advocating for changehe presented at Parliaments Standing Orders Select Committee in November where he discussed threats to democracy and parliamentary scrutiny. [9] His father left home when he was seven years old;[10] after his mother moved to work as a dressmaker in England in 1948, part of the Windrush generation, Palmer grew up in Kingston, Jamaica, in the care of his eight aunts.[11]. He was born in St. Elizabeth, Jamaica but grew up in Allman Town, Kingston before migrating to London to join his mother at the age of 14 to help her by working in a local grocery shop in Islington in 1955. Sir Geoff uses his prominence in Scotland as both a respected scientist and ardent activist to talk about the history of slavery and its benefits in the 17th and 18th centuries for prominent Scots in the trade. Exerting his authority, he sent me off the field for questioning his decision. The bowl was made to hold sugar from a place where people were being killed to make sugar, he told viewers. I thought I would find some evidence of this and acquired these silver items. Thats good. He was also made a Freeman of Midlothian in 2012. He also quotes the abolitionist Charles Fox who said gradual abolition was gradual murder. (189 mm x 138 mm) Purchased, 1929 Primary Collection NPG 2403 c/o Collards, 5-9 Eden Street Huge collection, amazing choice, 100+ million high quality, affordable RF and RM images. [9] His book on race relations entitled Mr. White and the Ravens, was first published in 2001,[19] and he contributed an article to The Scotsman entitled 'Stephen Lawrence analysis: Society is more mixed but racism has not gone away - we still have a long way to go' (5 January 2012). The address introduces Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Dr Andrew Butler's two books, A Constitution for Aotearoa New Zealand and Towards Democratic Renewal - Ideas for Constitutional Change in New Zealand, and their proposals for a written constitution. Malted barley is used to produce beer, whisky and food products. [1] He was admitted to the Middle Temple on 14 June 1616 and called to the bar on 23 May 1623. Professor Emeritus Sir Geoff Palmer OBE arrived in London as an immigrant from Jamaica in 1955 to re-join his mother who left Jamaica in 1948. The speaker, he says, meant Id still be in Africa if my ancestors werent enslaved. [10] After leaving school in 1958 with six O-levels and two A-levels, in botany and zoology, he found a job as a junior lab technician at Queen Elizabeth College, London University, working for Professor Garth Chapman. This website and associated newspapers adhere to the Independent Press Standards Organisation's The dreadful irony is that as Scotland finally begins to listen to him, Professor Sir Geoff Palmer is facing the possibility of his own death as he deals with a diagnosis of prostrate cancer at the ripe old age of 82. A former Prime Minister, Minister of Justice, Attorney-General, Leader of the House, and Minister for the Environment, Sir Geoffrey Palmer has had a huge impact on the consitutional landscape and practice of law in Aotearoa New Zealand today. In 1994 he established Chen Palmer, New Zealands first public law firm with fellow lecturer Mai Chen. Sir Geoffrey Palmer has been urged to quit as chairman of the controversial "woke" Edinburgh slavery review after calling a fellow respected historian "racist.". Linkedin Share. HP10 9TY. Sir Geoff takes over from Dr Robert M. Buchan, a mining entrepreneur and philanthropist, who is standing down after almost eight years in the role. It is important that we continue to promote these adverts as our local businesses need as much support as possible during these challenging times. It has led to clashes with opponents, vilification, and insult. Whatsapp Share. saving. . In his letter Gibson-Craig stated that he had just voted for the abolition of British slavery in the Caribbean and would do so again. Sir Geoffrey Palmer, 1st Bt. He stressed the importance of being informed citizens if we were to become useful lawyers.. heraldscotland.com is tackling this problem by allowing only subscribers to comment. After finishing school in 1958, he secured a position as a technician at Queen Elizabeth College, London. In 1998, Palmer became the fourth person, and the first European, to be honoured with the American Society of Brewing Chemists Award of Distinction,[4] considered the "Nobel prize of brewing". Weve got to work towards a society where everybody is just like everybody else and nobody notices what colour your skin is.. For eight years he was New Zealands Commissioner to the International Whaling Commission. Thats the key issue: why dont they know? [26] On the programme, he described the significance of these items to slavery: "After the 200 year commemoration of the abolition of the slave trade I decided to look at sugar, because it was one of the main reasons for slavery.
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