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Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America . TMLS. In compliance with the American Bar Association Standard 509, we are providing the data below to assist prospective law students in making an informed decision regarding where to attend law school. [6]:477 When Lloyd Lionel Gaines's application to the University of Missouri's law school was rejected on account of his race, he filed suit, arguing that his equal-protection rights had been violated because he had not been provided with a legal education substantially equivalent to that which white students received. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. jourdan.scruggs@tsu.edu By the time he retired in 1991, he was known as the Great Dissenter, one of the last remaining liberal members of a Supreme Court dominated by a conservative majority. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS [13]:219 Although the President briefly considered selecting William H. Hastie (an African-American appellate judge from Philadelphia) or a female candidate, he decided to choose Marshall. (202) 514-2203, The Solicitor General in Historical Context. Leadership ability, prior community service, work experience, the student's background, extra-curricular activities, and graduate study in another discipline are all considered. Justice Thurgood Marshall Profile - Brown v. Board of Education Re-enactment As a lawyer and judge, Thurgood Marshall strived to protect the rights of all citizens. [5]:1514 According to Tushnet, Marshall was "the Court's liberal specialist in Native American law"; he endeavored to protect Native Americans from regulatory action on the part of the states. Contact Us. [8], For 2019 first time takers, TMSL students had a bar examination passage rate of 55.7%. Thurgood Marshall by Mark V. Tushnet (Editor); Thurgood Marshall; Randall Kennedy (Foreword by) ISBN: 1556523866 Publication Date: 2001-07-01 Showdown by Wil Haygood ISBN: 9780307957191 Publication Date: 2015-09-15 Representing the Race by Kenneth W. Mack ISBN: 9780674046870 Publication Date: 2012-04-17 Making Constitutional Law by Mark V. Tushnet Further, it helps our students find their voice and gain the tools necessary to navigate our democratic society. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law, a state institution founded in 1947, seeks to provide a legal education and an opportunity to students from diverse backgrounds with the potential to succeed in law school and become active members of the legal community. [2]:12,94 In an opinion by Chief Justice Charles Evans Hughes, the Court held that if Missouri gave whites the opportunity to attend law school in-state, it was required to do the same for blacks. Since its move to Houston, the law school has become an integral part of the Texas Southern University campus. [5]:1502 He stated that the only possible justification for segregation "is an inherent determination that the people who were formerly in slavery, regardless of anything else, shall be kept as near that stage as possible. 131-12 161st Street, Queens, NY, 11434 For Sale $731,025 USD Marshall graduated from Howard in 1933. Thurgood[a] Marshall was born on July 2, 1908, in Baltimore, Maryland, to Norma and William Canfield Marshall. [6]:477[7]:19 They worked together on the landmark case of Missouri ex rel. Mr. Sweatt was refused admission to the University of Texas School of Law because he was black. 22-5758 EVANS, AUGUSTUS H. V. DELAWARE As of October, 2018, 56% of the student body was African-American, 5% Asian-American, 11% White, 26% Hispanic, and 2% Other. For instance, we are living in an era where the everyday use of technology is impacting the rights of individuals. "[5]:15141515 In Furman v. Georgia, a case in which the Court struck down the capital-punishment statutes that were in force at the time, Marshall wrote that the death penalty was "morally unacceptable to the people of the United States at this time in their history" and that it "falls upon the poor, the ignorant, and the underprivileged members of society". Featured News Atlanta's John Marshall Law School and Atlanta Volunteer Lawyers Foundation Partner to Launch Landlord Tenant Hybrid Clinic After establishing the inequality faced by Negroes in American, the NAACP began to attack the Plessy doctrine in 1945. He also served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the United States Postal Service and as a member of the Board of Trustees of the Ford Foundation. It is important to note that it was Justice Thurgood Marshall, chief counsel for the NAACP Legal Defense Fund at the time, who successfully argued Heman M. Sweatts case before the United States Supreme Court. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). North Carolina Central University School of Law, This page was last edited on 2 November 2022, at 19:50. Select your school and find the perfect place nearby or on-campus. Notable graduates of TSML include the following: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [2]:251252[1]:190 As Solicitor General, Marshall won fourteen of the nineteen Supreme Court cases he argued. All School District schools and offices will be CLOSED on Monday, January 16th, in observance of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. Day. In order to pre-empt the possibility of Mr. Sweatt obtaining a successful court order, the legislature passed Texas State Senate Bill 140, which established a university to offer courses of higher learning in law, pharmacy, dentistry, journalism, education, arts and sciences, literature, medicine, and other professional courses. Thurgood Marshall School of Law Unisex Premium T-Shirt wewearourhbcus $33.00 Thurgood Marshall Minimalist Portrait- Icon Art, Remarkable Men TheFilmArtist (2,956) $11.20 $16.00 (30% off) FREE shipping Thurgood Marshall | Thurgood Marshall Quote | Thurgood Marshall Tee | Gift for Black Law Student | Black Owned Shops | African American Hero [2]:259261, In February 1967, Johnson nominated Ramsey Clark to be Attorney General. [4]:226, The Court in Brown ordered additional arguments on the proper remedy for the constitutional violation that it had identified; in Brown II, decided in 1955, the justices ordered that desegregation proceed "with all deliberate speed". Thus, the Thurgood Marshall School of Law, as well as the university at-large, was created as a consequence of the 1946 lawsuit brought by Heman M. Sweatt. [1]:135137 Their refusal to set a concrete deadline came as a disappointment to Marshall, who had argued for total integration to be completed by September 1956. [11]:910 The Second Circuit, which spanned New York, Vermont, and Connecticut, was at the time the nation's prominent appellate court. [11]:139143, Marshall's most influential contribution to constitutional doctrine was his "sliding-scale" approach to the Equal Protection Clause, which posited that the judiciary should assess a law's constitutionality by balancing its goals against its impact on groups and rights. Foster and promote quality writing within the legal community. 7 out of 10 GreatSchools Rating. Black Power Movement in the 1970s, you would have been hard-pressed to find more than 3,000 African American lawyers. Academics Assessment Admissions Contact Us Educating Tomorrow's Lawyers Experiential Learning Facilties Management Financial Aid Giving Opportunities History Location and Directions Technology Strategic Plan Thelma L. Harmon Associate Professor of Lawand Director of Clinical Education Phone:(713) 313-7275 Email:thelma.harmon@tmslaw.tsu.edu Throughout the 1940s and 50s Marshall distinguished himself as one of the countrys top lawyers, winning 29 of the 32 cases that he argued before the Supreme Court. The 25th percentile LSAT is 149 and the 75th percentile LSAT is 153. Each data point represents an LSD user that shared their application results for the benefit of future applicants. [5]:1511 When the majority held in Milliken v. Bradley that a lower court had gone too far in ordering busing to reduce racial imbalances between schools in Detroit, he dissented, criticizing his colleagues for what he viewed as a lack of resolve to implement desegregation even when faced with difficulties and public resistance. He opened a law office in Baltimore that year, and the next year represented the Baltimore chapter of the NAACP. [1] January 5 - President Johnson signs Executive Order 11322, effectively prohibiting measures related to trade and other transactions with Southern Rhodesia. Some believed that equalization of African American educational opportunity could be achieved at the new Jim Crow institution. Spring 2021 [36]:20 The state of Maryland renamed Baltimore's airport the Baltimore/Washington International Thurgood Marshall Airport in 2005, and the University of Maryland's law library is named in his honor. [9]:153 Marshall faced harsh criticism from such senators as Mississippi's James O. Eastland, North Carolina's Sam Ervin Jr., Arkansas's John McClellan, and South Carolina's Strom Thurmond, all of whom opposed the nominee's liberal jurisprudence. Corrections? Yale Law School Title Two centuries' growth of . Tanner. The median GPA is 3.32. These enrolled students had an average LSAT score of 144, and an average college GPA of 3.03. Karen Percival The 1L class at Texas Southern University has a median LSAT of 151. His closest ally on the Court was Justice William J. Brennan Jr., and the two voted the same way in most cases. [1]:224225[11]:100101 His dissent in Harris v. McRae, in which the Court upheld the Hyde Amendment's ban on the use of Medicaid funds to pay for abortions, rebuked the majority for applying a "relentlessly formalistic catechism" that failed to take account of the amendment's "crushing burden on indigent women". Annual enrollment for Thurgood Marshall School of Law is approximately 213. Thurgood Marshallperhaps best known as the first African American Supreme Court justiceplayed an instrumental role in promoting racial equality during the civil rights movement. Thurgood Marshall School, Public District Grades 4-8 Haskell Academy, Public District Grades PK-5 Other Directions Information: Directions: South on Ridge ave from Auburn and right on Ashland Ave Price Details Listing Price Info Price Summary: List Price: $95,000 Tax Information: Annual Amount: $ 1,807 Tax Year: 2020 What can I afford? Thurgood Marshall School of Law at Texas Southern University is located in Houston, Texas which is the third largest city in the United States. [7]:129130 In 1950, Marshall brought two cases involving education to the Court: McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents, which was George W. McLaurin's challenge to unequal treatment at the University of Oklahoma's graduate school, and Sweatt v. Painter, which was Heman Sweatt's challenge to his being required to attend a blacks-only law school in Texas. Now, with over 40 years of publication, the law review is an intense legal research and writing forum for legal scholars and practitioners from around the world. [2], The TMSL Library housed within the law school building has over 350,000 volumes and volume equivalents. 713-313-1361, Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs, College of Liberal Arts & Behavioral Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Technology, Office of Government and Community Relations, Office of Institutional Assessment, Planning and Effectiveness, Title IX / Sexual Assault / Sexual Misconduct Policy and Reporting. Thurgood Marshall School of Law is a law school located in Houston, Texas. It opened in 1946 as the Texas State University for Negroes, and later changed its name to Texas Southern University in 1951. Yesteryear's black attorneys were champions of civil rights and social justice. He began when the Warren Court was at its peak, and gradually his opinions were more often dissenting than majority opinions. Our kids will take strength in where they are from, love who they are, and know where they are going. During Marshalls tenure on the Supreme Court, he was a steadfast liberal, stressing the need for equitable and just treatment of the countrys minorities by the state and federal governments. [Appendix] [Detailed Budget Estimates by Agency] [Department of Education] [From the U.S. Government Printing Office, www.gpo.gov] THE BUDGET FOR FISCAL YEAR 2004 [[Page 323]] DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION OFFICE OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Federal Funds General and special funds: Education for the Disadvantaged For carrying out title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 . I believe in the law school's mission. Spring 2023(pdf), Spring 2022 L. Rev. Our kids will take strength in where they are from, love who they are, and know where they are going. In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson convinced Marshall to leave the Court to become Solicitor General. His mother Norma was a public school teacher for over 25 years. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law (TMSL) is an ABA-accredited law school in Houston, Texas, that awards Juris Doctor and Master of Law degrees. During its first academic year, the law school was housed in Austin, Texas, and was subsequently transferred to the new university campus in Houston. The dotted lines on the graphs represent the 25/50/75th percentiles reported by the school in their ABA 509 report from the previous year. [11]:10, Even after his recess appointment, Southern senators continued to delay Marshall's full confirmation for more than eight months. Source: Biography provided by Thurgood Marshall College. President Johnson nominated Marshall, the first African American to sit on the Court. 1301 Atwood Avenue, Ste. Subject Dr. George E. Cannon; Guy R. Moorhead; Charles A. Thomas; James A. Curtis; Edward T. Tolbert; Description Dr. George [6]:480 When asked at a press conference what was wrong with him that would cause him to leave the Court, he replied: "What's wrong with me? This 973 square foot home, which was built in 1968, sits on a 0.13 acre lot. The Earl Carl Institute for Legal and Social Policy, Inc. Institute for International & Immigration Law, Standards 301(a), 309(b) and 501(b); Interpretations 501-1 and 501-2, About theThurgood Marshall School of Law, Enrollment data and attrition/graduation information. [1]:47, In 1936, Marshall joined Houston, who had been appointed as the NAACP's special counsel, in New York City, serving as his assistant. [27], Marshall was an active member of the Episcopal Church and served as a delegate to its 1964 convention, walking out after a resolution to recognize a right to disobey immoral segregation laws was voted down. In September 1961 Marshall was nominated to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit by President John F. Kennedy, but opposition from Southern senators delayed his confirmation for several months. And now is the time, we submit, that this Court should make clear that that is not what our Constitution stands for. In 2016, TMSL began to offer a Master of Laws in Immigration and Naturalization Law. In fact, Marshall argued 32 cases in front of the Supreme Court, the most anyone has argued in history. Gaines v. Canada (1938). [5]:1499 He volunteered with the Baltimore branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored Persons (NAACP). [1]:377378[29]:156,158 The 82-year-old justice announced on June 27, 1991, that he would retire. Thurgood Marshall School of Law is a member-school of the Thurgood Marshall College Fund and Association of American Law Schools. Although Thurgood Marshall is well known as being the first Black Supreme Court Justice, Marshall was a stellar attorney whose work became a pillar for the civil rights movement. Thank you for your interest in Thurgood Marshall School of Law at Texas Southern University. [41] He was depicted by Sidney Poitier in the 1991 television movie Separate but Equal,[42]:335 by Laurence Fishburne in George Stevens Jr.'s Broadway play Thurgood,[43] and by Chadwick Boseman in the 2017 film Marshall. All Rights Reserved. Prior to his judicial service, he was an attorney who fought for civil rights, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. He taught me how to argue, challenged my logic on every point, by making me prove every statement I made, even if we were discussing the weather. The admission decision, however, is more complex than the mere rank ordering of applicants on the basis of a numerical formula. Programs & Events. The Thurgood Marshall School of Law has been recognized as the most diverse law school in the country by US News and World Report. In keeping with its rich tradition as an HBCU, the Law School continues to train and educate large numbers of African-American and Hispanic lawyers. [14]:335 The Court under Chief Justice Warren Burger (the Burger Court) was not as conservative as some observers had anticipated, but the task of constructing liberal majorities case-by-case was left primarily to Brennan; Marshall's most consequential contributions to constitutional law came in dissent. Thurgood Marshall School of Law An official website of the United States government. [11]:185186, Marshall wed Vivian "Buster" Burey on September 4, 1929, while he was a student at Lincoln University. The mission of Thurgood Marshall School of Law is to prepare a diverse group of students for leadership roles in the legal profession, business, and government. Thurgood Marshall, who became the first African-American Supreme Court Justice (1967-1991), knocked down legal segregation in America as a civil rights attorney. At Howard, Marshall was mentored by Vice Dean Charles Hamilton Houston, a distinguished graduate of the Harvard Law School. He was the Supreme Court's first African-American justice. Thoroughgood ("Thurgood") Marshall was born in Baltimore, Maryland, on July 2, 1908, the younger of two sons of William and Norma Marshall. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. [7]:70, Houston returned to Washington in 1938, and Marshall assumed his position as special counsel the following year. Among his first legal victories was Murray v. Pearson (1935), a suit accusing the University of Maryland of violating the Fourteenth Amendments guarantee of equal protection of the laws by denying an African American applicant admission to its law school solely on the basis of race. Marshall was originally named "Thoroughgood" (his paternal grandfather's name), but he changed it to the briefer "Thurgood" when he was in the second grade. Indeed, students of constitutional law still examine the oral arguments of the case and the ultimate decision of the Court from both a legal and a political perspective; legally, Marshall argued that segregation in public education produced unequal schools for African Americans and whites (a key element in the strategy to have the Court overrule the separate but equal doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson [1896]), but it was Marshalls reliance on psychological, sociological, and historical data that presumably sensitized the Court to the deleterious effects of institutionalized segregation on the self-image, social worth, and social progress of African American children. [4]:337 On August 30, after six hours of debate, senators voted 6911[b] to confirm Marshall to the Supreme Court. [11]:1819 The nomination was widely viewed as a stepping stone to a Supreme Court appointment. The history of the law school can be traced back to a 1946 lawsuit, Sweatt v. Painter, brought by Herman M. Sweatt, which sought equal protection for racial minorities under the U.S. Constitution. [14]:337 After the retirements of Warren and Justice Hugo Black, however, "Marshall was continually shocked at the refusal" of the Burger and Rehnquist Courts "to hold police and those involved in the criminal justice system responsible for acting according to the language and the spirit of fundamental procedural guarantees", according to Ball. Upon his graduation from Howard, Marshall began the private practice of law in Baltimore. 713.313.1004, Financial Aid Counselor [4]:284285 By that year, Tushnet writes, he had become "the country's most prominent Supreme Court advocate". [11]:9899 In what Cass Sunstein described as the justice's greatest opinion, Marshall dissented when the Court in San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez upheld a system in which local schools were funded mainly through property taxes, arguing that the policy (which meant that poorer school districts obtained less money than richer ones) resulted in unconstitutional discrimination. A staunch liberal, he frequently dissented as the Court became increasingly conservative. representing the expenses for the relocation survey, however, must be deleted as these expenses were not alleged in the complaint. [2]:43 The mischievous Marshall was suspended for two weeks in the wake of a hazing incident, but he earned good grades in his classes and led the school's debating team to numerous victories. I'm old. [2]:318 He was the only justice with considerable experience defending those charged with capital crimes, and he expressed concern about the fact that injustices in death-penalty cases could not be remedied, often commenting: "Death is so lasting. Thurgood Marshall Law Society. I plan to celebrate the bicentennial of the Constitution as a living document, including the Bill of Rights and the other amendments protecting individual freedoms and human rights. He was categorically opposed to the death penalty and favored claims of noneconomic substantive due process. [1]:210, Marshall consistently sided with the Supreme Court's liberal bloc. [3]:88 Upon his graduation with honors in 1930 with a bachelor's degree in American literature and philosophy,[2]:46 Marshallbeing unable to attend the all-white University of Maryland Law Schoolapplied to Howard University School of Law in Washington, D.C., and was admitted. Indeed, the universality of that practice is precisely what made Justice Thurgood Marshall's statement"[a] sign that says 'men only' looks very different on a bathroom door than a courthouse door"so pithy. [10]:323 He joined Blackmun's opinion for the Court in Roe v. Wade, which held that the Constitution protected a woman's right to have an abortion,[2]:342 and he consistently voted against state laws that sought to limit that right in cases such as Maher v. Roe, H. L. v. Matheson, Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health, Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists, and Webster v. Reproductive Health Services. The mission of Thurgood Marshall School of Law is to prepare a diverse group of students for leadership roles in the legal profession, business, and government. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [5]:1505, President John F. Kennedy, who according to Tushnet "wanted to demonstrate his commitment to the interests of African Americans without incurring enormous political costs", nominated Marshall to be a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit on September 23, 1961. The very first article published in the law review concerned the shortage of African-American attorneys within the legal profession. In Memoriam. [5]:1513 Making comparisons to earlier civil rights protests, Marshall vigorously dissented in Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence, a case in which the Court ruled that the government could forbid homeless individuals from protesting poverty by sleeping overnight in Lafayette Park; although Burger decried their claims as "frivolous" attempts to "trivialize" the Constitution, Marshall argued that the protesters were engaged in constitutionally protected symbolic speech. President Lyndon B. Johnson named Marshall U.S. solicitor general in July 1965 and nominated him to the Supreme Court on June 13, 1967; Marshalls nomination was confirmed (6911) by the U.S. Senate on August 30, 1967. [1]:196 By an 115 vote on August 3, the committee recommended that Marshall be confirmed. As Chief Counsel of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Legal Defense and Education Fund (1940-1961), Marshall successfully argued Smith v. I am excited about the future of the law school now that this challenge has been overcome, said Joan R.M. The culmination of this effort was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which Marshall argued to the Supreme Court. He graduated in 1930. : Attention: Engr. When Murray's application was denied, Marshall sued on Murray's behalf. The mission of the Thurgood Marshall Law Review today is to: Call for Papers for the Volume 47, Issue 2, Click on a data point to see that user's profile. [2]:142145 The Supreme Court ruled in favor of both McLaurin and Sweatt on the same day; although the justices did not overrule Plessy and the separate but equal doctrine, they rejected discrimination against African-American students and the provisions of schools for blacks that were inferior to those provided for whites. Notice of ABA Council Decision, Notice of Censure and Directed Specific Remedial Action, 2016 Standard 509 Information Report (pdf), Admissions, Enrollment, Attrition and Graduation Data, Office of Career and Professional Development Home. Karen Percival [1]:197 He took the constitutional oath of office on October 2, 1967, becoming the first African American to serve as a justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. His legacy earned him the nickname "Mr. Civil Rights." Thurgood Marshall was born Thoroughgood Marshall on June 2, 1908 in Baltimore, Maryland. The Earl Carl Institute for Legal and Social Policy, Inc. Institute for International & Immigration Law, Comprehensive Guide to Bar Admission Requirements, Character and Fitness Determinations by Jurisdictions, Virtual Tour of the Law School and Campus. [38], Criminal procedure and capital punishment. Marshall served on the Supreme Court as it underwent a period of major ideological change. [7]:27 Marshall litigated a number of cases involving unequal salaries for African Americans, winning nearly all of them; by 1945, he had ended salary disparities in major Southern cities and earned a reputation as a prominent figure in the civil rights movement. Prior to his judicial service, he was an attorney who fought for civil rights, leading the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. Towson High Law & Public Policy. He was also adamantly opposed to capital punishment and generally favoured the rights of the national government over the rights of the states. [30]:951, Marshall served as a visiting judge on the Second Circuit for a week in January 1992, and he received the American Bar Association's highest award in August of that year. The average undergraduate tuition & fees other than law school at Texas Southern University is $9,173 for Texas residents and $21,413 for non-residents. Join/Renew. [7]:27 In addition to litigating cases and arguing matters before the Supreme Court, he was responsible for raising money, managing the Inc Fund, and conducting public-relations work. January [ edit] January 5 - President Johnson attends a meeting of the Lyndon B. Johnson Australian Science Scholars in the Cabinet Room. [4]:378[1]:326327, Marshall joined the majority in Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, two cases in which the Court held that the First Amendment protected the right to burn the American flag. [1]:343346 On the issue of the free exercise of religion, Marshall voted with the majority in Wisconsin v. Yoder to hold that a school attendance law could not be constitutionally applied to the Amish, and he joined Justice Harry Blackmun's dissent when the Court in Employment Division v. Smith upheld a restriction on religious uses of peyote and curtailed Sherbert v. Verner's strict scrutiny standard. [1]:215 He took umbrage at frequent claims that he did no work and spent his time watching daytime soap operas;[1]:203 according to Tushnet, who clerked for Marshall, the idea that he "was a lazy Justice uninterested in the Court's work is wrong and perhaps racist". A lock (LockA locked padlock) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. Associate Dean of Admissions Marshall remained counsel to the NAACP for 25 years. [4]:344[14]:335 As a result of four Supreme Court appointments by President Richard Nixon, however, the liberal coalition vanished. TMSL is now positioned to focus its collective efforts on training the new generation of lawyers to navigate in an environment that requires more than a working knowledge of the cold letter of the law. They won the case. Marshall died on January 24, 1993. Associate Dean of Admissions While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He fervently opposed the death penalty, which in his view constituted cruel and unusual punishment; he and Brennan dissented in more than 1,400 cases in which the majority refused to review a death sentence. They had two sons, Thurgood Jr. ("Goody") and John. Houston, Texas 77004, Crystal Ridgley "[10]:195196 On May 17, 1954, after internal disagreements and a 1953 reargument, the Supreme Court handed down its unanimous decision in Brown v. Board of Education, holding in an opinion by Chief Justice Earl Warren that: "in the field of public education the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place. "[2]:38, Marshall attended the Colored High and Training School (later Frederick Douglass High School) in Baltimore, graduating in 1925 with honors. ]:156,158 the 82-year-old justice announced on June 27, 1991, that this Court should make clear that is. Rules, there may be some discrepancies north Carolina Central University School of Law a! 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